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Click here for Handwritten pdf Notes   1. The classes of organic compounds  containing carbonyl group (CO) as the functional group are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivates. These are collectively called carbonyl compounds. 2. Nature of carbonyl group :  Oxygen atom in carbonyl group is far more electronegative than carbon atom. As a result, the oxygen atom tends to attract the electron cloud of the π-bond towards itself, i. e., the π-electron cloud of >c = O is unsymmetrical.  Hence carbonyl carbon acquires positive charge and carbonyl oxygen carries negative charge. Thus, the carbonyl group is polar in nature. 3. Methods of preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones: (a) By controlled oxidation of primary and secondary alcohol, aldehydes and ketones are produced. (b) By dehydrogenation of alcohols : Primary alcohols on dehydrogenation produce aldehydes while secondary alcohols produce ketones. 4. Preparation of Aldehydes: (a) Acyl chloride (acid chl...

Preparation of Ferrous Ammonium S   Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate is also called Mohr’s salt a light green color sand like crystalline solid. It is a hazardous substance and preparation of ferrous ammonium sulfate is carried out from equimolar mixture of hydrated ferrous sulphate and ammonium sulphate in water; containing a little of sulphuric acid. Aim To prepare Mohr’s salt: ferrous ammonium sulphate from ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate in the presence of acid. Theory The formula for ferrous ammonium sulfate is FeSO 4 .(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .6H 2 O. It is prepared by dissolving equimolar mixture of hydrated ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate in water containing a little sulfuric acid. The solution is subjected to crystallization, ferrous ammonium sulfate separates out from the solution. The chemical reaction is given below. FeSO 4  + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4  + 6H 2 O → FeSO 4 .(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .6H 2 O (Mohr’s salt) The addition of sulfuric acid in this experiment prevents th...

  Click here for handwritten pdf notes 1. Coordination compounds  contain a central atom (or cation) which is coordinated to a suitable number of anions or neutral molecules and usually retain their identity in solution as well as in solid state. These may be a positively charged, negatively charged or a neutral species, [Co(NH 3 ) 6 ] 3+ , [NiCl 4 ] 2- , [Ni(CO) 4 ] etc. 2.  In 1893, Werner proposed a theory to explain the structure and bonding in coordination compounds: (a) In coordination compounds, metals show two types of valencies : Primary valency and secondary valency. (b) Primary valencies are ionisable. (c) Secondary valencies are not ionisable. (d) This theory was successful to very limited extent and could not explain many aspects of coordination compounds. 3.  In modern formulations, such spatial , arrangements are called coordination polyhedra. The species within the square bracket are coordination entities or complexes and the ions outside the square b...

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